Machine Automation Explained

Generally, machine velocity and positioning systems are controlled using devices like linear actuators, hydraulic pumps or electric motors, such as a servo. However, motion control utilizes special technology systems comprised of electric actuators like ac/dc servo motors.

A typical motion control system includes three components: the driver, the motor, and the controller. Trajectory calculations are carried out in the controller that in turn sends low voltage commands to the driver; the driver applies the required current and voltage to the motor to trigger the desired motion. Feedback devices on the load and motor are used to pass specific details about the shaft and load movement to the controller or driver. The feedback is used to boost motion accuracy as well as compensate for dynamic changes, like changes in friction or mass that are likely to affect the load.

Servo systems run in a closed loop and allow output torque to move into and remain at their commanded position. Stepper systems, on the other hand, offer open loop position control. Though both methods can control PLC-based controllers, the choice of a closed loop versus open loop is determined by numerous factors.

The pulse and direction signals that are mainly used with PLCs offer a digital and affordable precision control method. PLC ladder extension blocks are ideal for programming and are relatively easy to understand and maintain. Though PLC controllers with direction and control capabilities have limited control axes and coordination between axes, they are the perfect fit for most motion applications. Low-cost PLCs are widely used for machine logic control and can handle motion tasks with the addition of programming and pulse output cards. This eliminates the need for a separate controller for integrating logic controllers. Machine builders who are familiar with the PLCs and their programming software require less time to implement PLC based systems.

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High-speed output cards are utilized in PLC-based motion control systems to create a pulse train for every stepper drive or servo. The system drive receives pulses and indexes motor shaft through a predetermined pulse amount. Servo systems can be configured for 1/10,000 per revolution per pulse while stepper systems index 1/200 per revolution per pulse. That means that the amount of motion dictated by one pulse can be changed in the drive to achieve the preferred resolution or high speed. The direction of travel is determined using a different signal, a control method known as step and direction.

Motion control systems are ideal for use in applications that require product positioning, rapid start and stop motions and synchronization of unconnected elements. PLCs have the capability to offer the required signals for commanding stepper systems and servos in a digital and cost-effective manner.